IL6 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Diabetes, particularly T2D, is characterised by chronic low-grade inflammation, which can activate inflammatory pathways like MAPK and can lead to the increased production of inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-a, IL-6 and IL-8 that promote thyroid cell proliferation, inhibit apoptosis, and enhance angiogenesis, all of which are conductive to tumour growth.