IL6 and chronic kidney disease: This study was designed to assess, for the first time in our center, the impact of 10 months of daily synbiotic supplementation on renal function (eGFR), circulating indoxyl sulfate (IS), p-cresyl sulfate (p-CS), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and malondialdehyde (MDA) in patients with stage IV–V chronic kidney disease (CKD) not yet on dialysis.