To impart proteotoxic stress exclusively to mitochondria, we targeted two exogenous model misfolded proteins: i) Parkinson’s disease-associated A53T mutant of α-synuclein (referred to as A53T-Syn hereafter) [38, 39] and ii) recently described amyloid-forming aggregation-prone protein, PMD (Protein with Misfolded Domains) [33], to mitochondria. Here, SNCA is linked to Parkinson disease.