Pro-tumour cytokines such as vascular-endothelial growth factor α (VEGF-α) and the interleukins (IL) IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-13 produced by T-helper (Th2) lymphocytes have also been linked to the pathogenesis of MCD [6,9]. This evidence concerns the gene IL4 and neoplasm.