TNF and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: Recent evidence indicates that obesity-derived macrophages can induce apoptosis of glial cells by upregulating tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and activating the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB)/PH domain leucine-rich repeat protein phosphatase 1 (PHLPP1) axis, thereby contributing to adipose tissue inflammation [72].