SOD1 and Insulin resistance: In addition, Engeletin alleviated oxidative cell damage by decreasing MDA levels, which increased due to insulin resistance-induced oxidative stress, increasing the GSH and SOD levels and decreasing the caspase-3 (Cas-3), caspase-9 (Cas-9), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) levels, which also increase under insulin resistance conditions.