The increased Y chromosome–specific transcripts (DDX3Y, KDM5D, RPS4Y1, TXLNGY, UTY, UPS9Y) in the anti-TNF–treated IBD study group compared with the anti-IL-12/23–treated IBD and healthy control groups likely reflects differences in the male-to-female ratio in the study groups analyzed (Table 1). Here, TNF is linked to inflammatory bowel disease.