TNF and inflammatory bowel disease: Although the anti-TNF- and anti-IL-12/23–treated IBD study groups were heterogenous in terms of type of infusion medication, dosage, and frequency of infusion, the heterogeneity in the type of medication was eliminated in our RNA-Seq analyses by assessing only patients treated with infliximab in the anti-TNF–treated group or patients treated with ustekinumab in the anti-IL-12/23–treated group.