TNF and intervertebral disk degenerative disorder: Inflammation of IVD may be characterized by elevated expression of proinflammatory molecules such as interleukins (IL-1, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and IL-17), TNF-α, IFN-γ, chemokines and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), leading to the development of IDD and LBP (Molinos et al., 2015; Lyu et al., 2021).