TNF and endothelial dysfunction: Observational studies on patients with autoimmune diseases have reported that TNF-α inhibitors can slow the progression of atherosclerotic plaques and improve vascular function by reducing the inflammatory burden.9 IL-6 receptor inhibitors, such as tocilizumab, have also been found to decrease vascular stiffness and alleviate endothelial dysfunction by reducing plaque inflammation.10 However, further clinical trials are needed to understand the long-term effects of these agents.