The oxidation of LDL by endothelial cells induces the migration of inflammatory cells into the vascular wall, promoting the differentiation of monocytes into macrophages.2 Macrophages phagocytose oxidized LDL, transforming into foam cells that secrete inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α).3 These three cytokines were selected for focused analysis in this narrative review because they play central and well-characterized roles in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. Here, TNF is linked to atherosclerosis.