TNF and neoplasm: They express the CCR2, CCR5, and CXCR2 chemokine receptors, which are then mobilized to the blood and tumor by chemokine ligands (CCL2, CCL5, CXCL1-8) and other inflammatory mediators like prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) generated by TME, VEGF, TGF-β, TNF-α, and IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-10.