HMGB1 and chronic kidney disease: Experimental studies reveal that HMGB1 levels rise within hours of kidney injury, significantly preceding creatinine elevation: A cross-sectional study revealed that serum HMGB1 concentrations were markedly higher in AKI patients compared to healthy individuals, CKD 5 patients and hemodialysis patients, with statistical significance (p < 0.001) (Zakiyanov et al., 2013).