Research by Pyun D et al. has found that PA also has potential in hepatic lipid metabolism: it activates the AMPK/SIRT1 pathway to inhibit cellular inflammation (such as TNF-α, MCP-1), improve insulin resistance (IRS-1, HOMA-IR index, IPGTT, and ITT), and positively regulate FAO (Pyun et al., 2021). Here, TNF is linked to Insulin resistance.