INS and hyperinsulinism: This distinct form of diabetes, characterized by impaired glucose tolerance and islet insulin secretion without typical hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, and insulin resistance of type 2 diabetes, is accompanied by pancreatic β-cell failure, hepatotoxicity, hyperleptinemia, hyperlipidemia, hypoadiponectinemia, and hepatic oxidative stress and damage (Ahangarpour et al., 2018).