TNF and eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome: Relevant in vivo and in vitro experiments have shown that reducing the signaling and phosphorylation of STAT3 can alleviate the adhesion and volume of EMS.[50] TNF-α is a pleiotropic inflammatory cytokine in the TNF ligand superfamily (TNFSF), produced by a variety of immune cells,[51] In EMS cells, TNF-α can be upregulated, which increases the phosphorylation of PI3K, AKT, ERK, and NF-κB signaling pathways, and then the dysregulation of MiRNA expression promotes the pathological development of EMS.[52] Inhibition of TNF-α upregulation may inhibit the course of EMS.