VEGFA and systemic lupus erythematosus: However, for specific lupus subgroups, we were able to confirm importantly higher VEGF levels compared to healthy individuals, especially in patients with relaxation disorders, the presence of atherosclerotic plaque in lower-extremity arteries, and the occurrence of selected aPLs, indicating VEGF’s potential role in the development of cardiovascular and atherothrombotic complications, but in combination with other immunological factors, not as an independent pathogenetic factor.