TNF and rheumatoid arthritis: This risk is particularly elevated in patients with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs), such as rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, and inflammatory bowel disease, due to immunosuppression from both the disease and its treatments, notably biologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) like tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) inhibitors [4,5].