While anti-TNF-α therapies, such as adalimumab and infliximab, are well-established risk factors for the reactivation of LTBI to active tuberculosis due to suppressing TNF-α, a cytokine critical for maintaining granuloma integrity and controlling Mycobacterium tuberculosis, TNF-α facilitates immune cell recruitment and granuloma formation, which contain latent TB bacteria. Here, TNF is linked to tuberculosis.