TNF and inflammatory bowel disease: Currently, several different classes of advanced therapies have been approved for the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs): TNFα antagonists, anti-integrin medications, interleukin (IL)-12/23p40 antagonists, oral small molecule Janus kinase inhibitors, sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor modulators, and biological agents such as selective interleukin-23 antagonists [26].