TNF and hepatocellular carcinoma: Furthermore, neutral polysaccharides derived from PN not only suppress the proliferation of hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines, suggesting potential effects on liver cancer treatment [24], but significantly enhance TLR2 protein expression and the secretion of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α, IL-2, IL-10, and IFN-γ, indicating their role in modulating immune responses [25].