MAPT and Cognitive impairment: Other frequently used chemical agents include: Scopolamine, a muscarinic receptor antagonist employed to model cholinergic dysfunction [39,44]; Amyloid-beta peptides (A-beta 25–35), representing amyloidogenic insults [34,48]; Dexamethasone, used to simulate glucocorticoid-induced cognitive impairment [36]; Colchicine, which disrupts microtubule integrity, inducing neuronal damage [37]; Aluminum chloride, employed to model neurotoxicity [32]; Homocysteine, implicated in vascular dementia [45]; Okadaic acid, a phosphatase inhibitor that induces tau hyperphosphorylation [53].