TNF and Sepsis: Considering that during the early phase of sepsis, macrophages undergo M1 polarization, characterized by increased expression of iNOS and TNF-α as well as the production of nitrogen species, the observation that Fh15 downregulates two NOS variants and suppress the expression and secretion of TNF-α indicates that Fh15 can concurrently modulate both the iNOS and NF-κB pathways.