In adult SMA patients, baseline serum levels of IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IFN-γ, IL-17A, IL-22, IL-23, IL-31, and IL-33 were elevated compared to healthy controls, with reductions in IL-4, IL-6, IFN-γ, and IL-17A post-treatment [125]. This evidence concerns the gene IL6 and proximal spinal muscular atrophy.