HGF and neoplasm: At the same time, AMPK can inhibit the angiogenesis caused by tumour-promoting and pro-metastatic factors such as phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B/mTOR (PI3K/Akt/mTOR), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), and transforming growth factor-beta/bone morphogenetic protein (TGF-β/BMP) signalling pathways.