TNF and rheumatoid arthritis: A. C. Smith also revealed its anti-RA activity through the inhibition of NF-κB and STAT1 signaling [162], while Nyctanthes arbortristis L from India reduced the production of various inflammatory mediators and factors in vitro, such as NO, ROS, iNOS, COX-2, TNF-α, IL-6, and -1β, by inhibiting the activation of NF-kB [290].