PTGS2 and rheumatoid arthritis: At concentrations ranging from 25 to 500 ng/mL, the extract mitigated cell injury and reduced cell apoptosis and inflammation through the reduced mRNA expression of COX-2, iNOS, IL-6, and IL-1β in TNF-α-stimulated L929, HEK293T, and MH7A human RA-FLSs by inhibiting the activation of NF-κB signaling [159].