CCL2 and serum lipopolysaccharide activity: In in vivo studies using LPS-induced endotoxemia, both gliptins and liraglutide decreased the mRNA expression of the adhesion molecules vascular cellular adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and downregulated inflammatory mediators, including interleukin 6 (IL-6), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and TNF-α in aortic tissue.