TNF and post-traumatic stress disorder: The upregulation of stress marker c-Fos and markers of inflammation Il-1β, Tnf, Cox-1, and Cox-2 in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex shown in the non-treated stressed group is known to be interconnected with elevated oxidative stress [65] and, as discussed, is established as another important feature of PTSD [66,67].