TNF and prostate cancer: A study by Singh et al. on a cohort of 18 patients with prostate cancer treated with IMRT demonstrated an increase in IL-6 and TNF-α concentrations measured at the end of and 3 months after radiotherapy with an increase in the grade of acute genitourinary and gastrointestinal radiotoxicity, while TGF-β concentrations decreased with an increase in the grade of acute genitourinary and gastrointestinal radiotoxicity [40].