Existing studies have confirmed that anthocyanins have significant protective effects in PD, cerebral ischemia–reperfusion injury, chemotherapy-related neurotoxicity, and other disease models, especially in the regulation of Nrf2/ARE, NF-κB, PI3K/AKT, NLRP3/caspase-1/IL-1β, and other key signaling pathways. The gene discussed is CASP1; the disease is brain ischemia.