INS and hypertensive disorder: Associations between T2DM and hypertension are expected since they share several similar pathophysiological mechanisms, including the inadequate activation of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system, oxidative stress caused by the excessive production of reactive oxygen species, inflammatory processes, impaired insulin-mediated vasodilation, the increased activation of the sympathetic nervous system, dysfunction of innate and adaptive immune responses, and abnormalities in renal sodium handling [20].