TNF and atopic eczema: Furthermore, in a model of 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB)-induced atopic dermatitis in mice, topical application of verbascoside reduced scratching and skin lesion severity, lowered IgE and IL-4 and IL-13 levels, and decreased inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-4) in affected skin [225].