TNF and atopic eczema: Moreover, in an in vitro model of atopic dermatitis in which THP-1 cells were incubated with the contact allergen 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB), verbascoside suppressed the expression of the costimulatory molecules CD86 and CD54, which are important for T cell activation, and reduced production of pro-inflammatory TNF-α and IL-6 cytokines [225].