Recently Orme and colleagues demonstrated TPE was successful in removing a soluble splice variant of PD-L1(sPD-L1) secreted by malignant cells as well as PD-L1 EVs from melanoma patients’ plasma, with each TPE session removing approximately 71% sPD-L1 and 33.5% PD-L1-EVs, respectively [104]. Here, CD274 is linked to melanoma.