INS and diabetes mellitus: Multiple studies have established BCAAs as key markers of diabetes risk [7,8,9] with mechanisms involving interactions with mTOR, as well as increased insulin secretion and pancreatic β-cell depletion caused by BCAA metabolites [7] Recent evidence also suggests a potential link between BCAA metabolites and inflammation, as elevated isoleucine levels were found to correlate with NLRP3 inflammasome activation in patients with nascent metabolic syndrome [158] Such inflammatory activation may represent an underappreciated mechanism contributing to myocardial injury in diabetes-related conditions.