TNF and Oral leukoplakia: Similarly, a study of the concentrations of selected cytokines (IL-1α, IL-6, IL-8, IP-10, MCP-1, TNF-α, HCC-1, and PF-4) in saliva from OSCC patients, oral leukoplakia (OL) patients, and healthy individuals by Dicova et al. [103] found IL-6 and TNF-α concentrations to be higher in advanced oral cancer compared to early stages.