Multi-omics analyses further elucidate mechanisms: metabolomics identifies 15 blood–brain barrier permeable components (notably gastrodin and parishins A/C) activating hippocampal neurogenesis via EGFR-PI3K/AKT signaling [48]; probiotic-fermented secondary liquid (SFL) enhances gastrodin bioavailability while modulating dopamine receptor d1 and DNA repair genes (msh2, recql4) to improve sleep patterns [49]; and gastrodia polysaccharide (GEP) coordinates oxidative stress, heat shock response, and endoplasmic reticulum stress pathways against Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) [50]. Here, MSH2 is linked to early-onset autosomal dominant Alzheimer disease.