Multivariate logistic regression models showed that AFP (aOR:1.040, 95% CI: 1.016–1.064, p < 0.001), AFP-L3 (aOR:1.071, 95% CI: 1.051–1.092, p < 0.001) and DCP (aOR:1.015, 95% CI: 1.003–1.027, p = 0.011), as well as GALAD (aOR: 2.166, 95% CI: 1.769–2.651, p < 0.001), GAAP (aOR: 2.157, 95% CI: 1.759–2.646, p < 0.001), ASAP (aOR: 2.072, 95% CI: 1.704–2.519, p < 0.001) and Doylestown (aOR: 130.81, 95% CI: 37.257–459.277, p < 0.001) models, demonstrated strong independent associations with HCC (Table 2). Here, ACE is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.