DOX has been shown to upregulate PD-L1 expression on tumor and immune cells, contributing to an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment that can be reversed with anti–PD-1/PD-L1 antibodies, thereby restoring cytotoxic T-cell activity and enhancing tumor regression, as seen in osteosarcoma and melanoma models [86]. Here, CD274 is linked to neoplasm.