Regardless of the ratio, PDGCAs consistently exhibited upregulation of genes involved in interleukin signaling (IL-1α, IL-6, IL-17, IL-23A, COX-2, CSF2, CSF3, TNF, CXCL3, CXCL5, PTGS2, SERPINB2), matrix metalloproteinases (MMP1, MMP3, MMP7, MMP9, MMP10, MMP24), and cancer-related pathways (BIRC3, BMP2, CXCL8, FGF2, FGFR3, HSP90AA1, TGFB3, WNT10A) (Figure 6c,d). Here, TNF is linked to cancer.