KRAS and colorectal carcinoma: However, the consistent effects observed in additional CRC cell lines with different mutational landscapes (e.g., SW480: KRASG12V, HT-29: BRAFV600E, Caco-2: wild-type KRAS/TP53) suggest that the pro-apoptotic actions of piperine may not be strictly dependent on a specific mutation and are likely mediated through broader oxidative stress-related and mitochondrial mechanisms.