The treatment of obesity in the first instance is based on dietary modification and exercise; other therapeutic options include the use of drugs such as orlistat, GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) such as semaglutide, and bariatric (weight loss) surgery [4].At the biochemical level, there is evidence for the involvement of mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and inflammation in the pathogenesis of obesity, as reviewed in the following sections. Here, GLP1R is linked to obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.