These findings align with prior studies showing that heat shock protein (HSP70, HSP90) expression levels correlate positively with post-thaw sperm quality [2,38,39], suggesting that HF bulls may stabilize protein conformation via upregulated HSPA1A, HSPA2, and HSP90AB1 to maintain sperm motility. The gene discussed is HSPA1A; the disease is hydrops fetalis.