Similarly, oral GSE protected against dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis by preventing gut barrier dysfunction, as indicated by upregulated mRNA levels encoding tight junction proteins including zonula occludens protein 1 (ZO-1), occludin, and claudin-1 of colon tissue, in addition to reduced oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokines [12]. This evidence concerns the gene TJP1 and colitis.