IL4 and infectious disease: We observed a significant transcriptional upregulation of interleukin-4, an pleiotropic cytokine that has positive effects on the outcome of infectious diseases, contributing to tissue healing [40,41], and of B-defensin 1 (DEF1B), a factor that exhibits microbicidal activity mainly against Gram-negative bacteria by interfering with the synthesis of their cell wall and causing microbial death in a manner similar to that of antibiotics [42].