HIF1A and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: In recent years, various studies have highlighted the role of molecular factors such as HIF1A (the gene encoding HIF-1α), markers of chronic oxidative stress (e.g., TXN, EGR1, CDKN1A), receptors associated with persistent inflammation such as TLR2, and ADM, particularly its mid-regional form, in the pathophysiology of both COPD and OSA.