INS and diabetes mellitus: In another study, Olorunnado et al. [141] explored the neuroprotective effects of trans-cinnamaldehyde (TCA) in the hippocampus of insulin-resistant rats, and demonstrated based on Y-maze and Morris water maze tests that TCA could alleviate the diabetes-induced impairment of learning and memory by reducing the levels of NF-κB and TNF-α in a rat hippocampus.