MAPK8 and uremia: Administering carnitine to hemodialyzed patients protects cells from the proinflammatory and pro-oxidative consequences of uremia, since carnitine improves plasmatic antioxidant mechanisms and reduces the activity of JNK (jun-N-terminal kinase), a kinase that stimulates mononuclear cells to produce proinflammatory cytokines when triggered by OxSt [82].