Among these, CTSE, LGR5, CLDN4, CRABP2, BMP7, BMP4, STC1, ESM1, BMP2, HNF4A, PROC, SEMA3E, SEMA5B, NTS, DKK1, FGF17, JAG1, VTN, and SSTR2 were up-regulated hub genes, exhibiting higher expression levels in tumor samples compared to normal samples (Supplementary Figure S2E). Here, CLDN4 is linked to neoplasm.