MAPK3 and lip and oral cavity carcinoma: Rapamycin has been shown to inhibit the growth of oral cancer cells through mechanisms that include the induction of ACD, the generation of oxidative stress, and the inhibition of key signaling pathways such as extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 (ERK1/2), nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), and β-catenin [95].