Ishimoto et al. observed mitochondrial abnormalities in ADPKD, including a decrease in mitochondrial DNA copy number and suppressed expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α), leading to increased oxidative stress and HIF-1α stabilization in cystic epithelial cells [44]. This evidence concerns the gene PPARGC1A and autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease.