For example, SF3 A2 promotes progression and cisplatin resistance in triple-negative breast cancer via alternative splicing of MKRN1 (Deng et al. 2024); MKRN1 promotes colorectal cancer metastasis by activating the TGF-β signaling pathway through SNIP1 protein degradation (Zhang et al. 2025); CircVPS8 promotes malignant phenotypes and inhibits ferroptosis of glioma stem cells by acting as a scaffold for MKRN1 (Hu et al. 2024). Here, TGFB1 is linked to central nervous system cancer.