However, re-infusion of P+ cells with impaired ARHGEF3 expression, compared to negative control, did not significantly alter the inflammatory level within the tissue (Fig. 6Q–S), suggesting the protective effect of infection is not simply due to differential cytokine responses of P + /P− but likely to differential bacterial uptake capacity caused by ARHGEF3 regulation. This evidence concerns the gene ARHGEF3 and infection.