ARHGEF3 and bacterial infectious disease: Remarkably, intraperitoneal transfusion of P+ (DLPs-equipped) macrophages with impaired ARHGEF3 expression in mice significantly reduced bacterial infection load but not inflammation level (Fig. 6O–S), which indicates that beyond the inflammatory cytokine secretion, the phagocytic capacity of macrophages themselves also plays a crucial role in immune defense against bacterial infections in vivo.