The assay demonstrated that EV PSA mRNA is more effectivethan serum PSA protein, the current gold standard in prostate cancerscreening, in distinguishing between prostate cancer and benign prostatichyperplasia (AUC: 0.93 vs 0.74; n = 42 patients).This innovative technology has the potential to significantly broadenthe applications of DNA nanostructure-enabled liquid biopsy. Here, KLK3 is linked to medical procedure.