These protein findings underscorethe promise of EV biomarkers, particularly those in bodily fluidslike urine, for the noninvasive detection of Alzheimer's disease. In addition, ATPase Na+/K+ transporting subunit alpha 3 (ATP1A3) is abundantly expressed inEVs isolated from induced human neurons, brain tissue, cerebrospinalfluid, and plasma., This expression is significantlyhigher than the expression of the presumed neuron-derived EV markersNCAM1 and L1CAM. Here, L1CAM is linked to early-onset autosomal dominant Alzheimer disease.