These vesicles can be engineered to deliver therapeuticagents directly to cancer cells, thereby enhancing treatment specificityand minimizing off-target effects. Forinstance, EVs can be modified to carry chemotherapeutic drugs or immunecheckpoint inhibitors, such as PD-L1 inhibitors, which help modulatethe tumor microenvironment and enhance the immune response againstcancer cells. Another application iscardiovascular treatment. Here, CD274 is linked to neoplasm.