These findings highlight ATP1A3+ EVs as a promisingalternative for neurodegenerative disease diagnostics. Neural cell–derived EVs hold significantdiagnostic value, with biomarkers such as Aβ42, total tau, p-T181-tau,p-S396-tau, NRGN, synaptotagmin, GAP43, SNAP25, cathepsin D, REST,and α-synuclein demonstrating consistent reliability for clinicaldisease diagnosis. The gene discussed is MAPT; the disease is neurodegenerative disease.