TARDBP and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: EVs carry measurable levels of TAR DNA-binding protein 43(TDP-43) and tau, including 3-repeat (3R) and 4-repeat (4R) tau isoforms.EV TDP-43 levels are elevated in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis andin frontotemporal dementia. Both biomarkersshow high diagnostic accuracy, with an AUC of 0.9, and are stronglycorrelated with neurodegeneration and clinical severity markers.