In another study, ML algorithms such as linear discriminantanalysis,support vector machine, and logistic regression were integrated withan approach termed DNA cascade reaction triggered individual EV nanoencapsulation(DCR-IEVN) to diagnose HCC from patient serum (Figure A). This integratedapproach accurately quantified multiple tEV subpopulations, includingEpCAM+PDL1+ EVs, EpCAM+MUC1+ EVs, and PDL1+MUC1+ EVs, without interferencefrom nontumor EVs and particles. This evidence concerns the gene CD274 and hepatocellular carcinoma.